Human papillomavirus: typing and genotyping

More than 120 types of HPV are known in medicine, classified using various approaches. There is a summary table of the main types of viruses, compiled based on the results of large-scale screening studies:

Symptoms	One type
Skin:
Plantar warts	1, 2, 4
Common warts	2, 4, 26, 27, 29, 57
Flat warts	3, 10, 28, 49
Butcher warts	7
Wart epidermodysplasia	5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 19, 36
Non-verrucous skin lesions	37, 38
Genital mucous membranes:
Genital warts	6, 11, 42, 43, 44, 54
Nonondylomatous lesions	6, 11, 16, 18, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70
Carcinoma	16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 54, 56, 66, 68
Lesions of the mucous membranes not of the genitals:
Laryngeal papilloma	6, 11, 30
Carcinoma of the neck, tongue	2, 6, 11, 16, 18, 30

All neoplasms are divided according to the oncological danger, the location and shape of the skin growths.

1. Localization of infection: Alpha - affects the mucous membranes of the genital organs in men and women, manifested by warts. Beta - affects the superficial layers of the epidermis, manifests itself on the superficial layers of the epidermis with classic warts.
2. The genotype of the virus determines its oncogenic potential, that is, the ability to cause the oncological degeneration of infected tissues. Genotyping distinguishes these types of infections from the risk of oncogenicity: Low risk - 6, 11, 42, 43, 44, 53, 54, 55. Intermediate - 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 58, 66High rice - 16, 18, 45, 56.
3. Forms of skin neoplasms. Papillomas fall into five main categories. Simple ones are the most common type of growth. As it develops, a warm-colored keratinized tubercle forms. Warts are localized on the skin, both alone and in clusters. Most often they occur on the inner and outer sides of the hand, the lower part of the face (lips, chin). There are also plantar growths. Flat: They have a dark color and appear as small tufts on the skin. As a rule, they appear in the upper body, less often on the genitals. Most often they make themselves felt in adolescence with a failure of the immune system, which manifests itself in the neck and arms. Pointed: warts affect the mucous membranes and are included in the oncogenic risk category. Filiform: Acrochord or senile papillomas occur in middle-aged and elderly people. Internal moles - localized on internal organs. This category includes warts on the walls of the stomach and rectum, growths in the mouth and bladder.

The method of diagnosis, treatment and prevention depends on the type of neoplasm detected.

High-risk human papillomaviruses

HPV is one of the most common viruses. Most often, infection occurs through sexual and family contact. For many years, the virus can lie dormant and not manifest. It can be triggered by various factors, such as a weakened immune system or chronic diseases.

High-risk human papillomaviruses are particularly dangerous. This category includes:

• Average oncogenicity - 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 58, 66
• High carcinogenicity - 16, 18, 45, 56, 59, 68.

Oncogenic human papillomaviruses

Carcinogenic HPV is a serious danger, that is, viruses that can cause malignant degeneration of healthy cells. The risk group includes the following genotypes: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 68, 56, 58, 39, 70. Significantly increase the likelihood of developing cancer of the genitals, uterus, anus andurethra.

Oncogenic viruses manifest with genital warts. Their appearance is a signal to seek medical help and remove neoplasms.

Human papillomavirus 1

This infectious agent causes the development of the heel and common warts. Most often, with this papillomavirus, deep lesions appear on the feet, causing discomfort and pain to the wearer. Bumps may form on the back of the hands and chin. In some cases, they appear on the eyelids, scalp, fingers and toes.

This type of virus has low oncogenicity. At the same time, it is impossible to completely remove it from the body. Modern drugs are able to temporarily suspend its activity. Treatment is aimed at eliminating aesthetic problems, that is, removing growths. In the future, therapy is performed to increase the defenses of the immune system. It is mandatory to prescribe drugs that inhibit papillomatosis.

Human papillomavirus 4

Another common form of viral disease. Manifested by common heel and warts. As the growths develop, they darken and acquire a rough surface. In some cases, smaller formations form around a large wart.

Patients complain of itching, burning and pain in the affected area. HPV 4 also promotes the development of corns and calluses on the soles of the feet.

This genotype does not represent a risk of malignant transformation. For treatment, surgical removal of growths is used with additional patient immunotherapy.

Human papillomavirus 5

Responsible for the development of different types of growth. Most often, papillomavirus 5 leads to the appearance of warts or verruciform epidermodysplasia. The disease is rare and manifests itself as a large accumulation of warts. The pathological condition develops in youth and continues throughout life. According to statistics, women are more likely to get sick than men.

Verruciform epidermodysplasia (EVL) is essentially a unique predisposition of the epidermis to papillomavirus infection. In this case, HPV 5 has high carcinogenicity, that is, the risk of skin degeneration turning into squamous cell carcinoma.

Typical symptoms of epidermodysplasia:

• Small warty growths that merge into large lesions as they grow.
• Rashes appear on the face, back, neck, abdomen, and even the buttocks.
• When the skin is damaged, linear warty structures appear at the wound site.
• On the body and limbs, the growths are larger and denser than on the face and neck.

Human papillomavirus 6

The sixth type of HPV is diagnosed in middle-aged and elderly people. The neoplasms are pink or flesh-colored and resemble the shape of cauliflower. This type of papillomavirus is included in the group of low oncogenic infections and increases the risk of such pathologies:

• Genital warts (warts).
• Laryngeal papillomatosis.
• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Conjunctival papillomas.

Treatment consists of antiviral and reparative therapy, surgical removal of the neoplasm. Particular attention is paid to preventive measures: personal hygiene, balanced nutrition, increased immunity.

Human papillomavirus 7

As a result of HPV 7 infection, so-called butcher's warts or butcher's warts appear on the skin. They represent painless, light brown growths that are most often localized on the elbows and shoulders.

Butcher warts occur in people who have frequent contact with raw meat. The infection enters the skin through minor lesions. Growths appear on the elbows and hands in protruding, painless formations.

Human papillomavirus 11

Type 11 papillomavirus is most often diagnosed in women and manifests itself as genital warts. The pathological process involves the skin and mucous membranes. This HPV has low carcinogenicity, that is, it is not susceptible to malignant transformation.

Men and women who are sexually active and often change sexual partners are at risk for this disease. Infection can occur with other genital infections. When infected with genome 11, the pathogen is incorporated into the human chromosome set, infecting the carrier's daughter cells.

The main symptoms of the disease are:

• Single or multiple rashes.
• Growths in women appear on the lips, cervix, clitoris, urethra.
• In men, neoplasms appear on the head and body of the penis, scrotum, frenulum.
• In both sexes, papillomas have adjacent localizations: anus, perineum, oropharynx, bladder, perianal region.

Diagnostics is carried out according to the type of casting structures and is not difficult. It is impossible to completely destroy the virus, but there are a number of therapeutic methods that can suppress its activity. For this, special drugs are used. Methods of cryodestruction, laser therapy, and other surgical techniques are used to remove skin changes.

Prevention of HPV 11 infection relies on adherence to barrier methods of contraception to prevent infection during intercourse. It is also recommended to strengthen the immune system to increase its protective properties.

Human papillomavirus 12

Under the action of certain factors, HPV 12 can manifest itself as verruciform or warty epidermodysplasia. This pathological condition is also called Lewandowski-Lutz disease. It refers to a genetic disease.

Papillomavirus 12 requires a complete diagnosis. This is due to the fact that the disease it causes can lead to severe dermatological defects and serious complications. Transformation of affected tissues into squamous cell carcinoma is observed in ¼ of patients.

Human papillomavirus 16

One of the most common papillomaviruses, diagnosed in 60% of people, is HPV 16 (human papillomavirus). This type of infection is oncogenic and leads to the following pathologies:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Carcinoma of the genitals.
• Carcinoma of the neck, tongue.

After infection, the virus is incorporated into the DNA regions of healthy cells, thereby disrupting the body's natural anticancer immunity. According to statistics, in 42% of cases, the 16th genotype is the leading cause of cervical cancer.

Human papillomavirus 18

One of the most common urogenital viral infections is papillomatosis. Type 18 of this infection is associated with diseases such as HPV 16: cervical dysplasia, cervical cancer. It has a high oncogenicity. Incorporation into the human genome causes the growth of benign growths, which gradually degenerate into cancer. In 70% of cases, HPV 18 is detected in women with uterine cancer.

Treatment is prescribed only after a complete diagnosis and the establishment of the probability of malignancy of neoplasms. Therapy consists of surgical removal of growths, 2-3 courses of antiviral and immunostimulating drugs. At the same time, it should be taken into account that today there are no medicines that completely neutralize the 18th genotype of the papillomavirus.

Human papillomavirus 21

Another type of infection that causes verruciform epidermodysplasia is HPV 21. At the same time, it belongs to low carcinogenic viruses. Most often it manifests itself as anogenital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis.

Since the infection does not penetrate the bloodstream, but only affects the skin, then scrapings of the epidermis and spots from the mucous membranes are used for the diagnosis. Complex treatment aimed at eliminating skin defects and strengthening the immune system.

Human papillomavirus 31

To date, more than one hundred papillomaviruses are known, among which there are oncogenes, that is, those that can provoke malignant processes in the body. HPV 31 refers to an infection of moderate carcinogenicity which, under the influence of certain factors, leads to oncological lesions.

31 genotypes are associated with the following diseases:

• Neoplasm of 2 and 3 degrees of severity.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.
• Penile cancer.
• Anal cancer.
• Cancer of the oral cavity and larynx.
• Bowen's disease.
• Keira's erythroplasia.
• Dental complications.

Infection occurs most often during unprotected intercourse and poses the same danger to both women and men. Infection is possible when the virus comes into contact with an open wound or during the birth process, i. e. transmission from mother to child.

Human papillomavirus 33

HPV of this type is most often diagnosed in women, because it contributes to the development of such diseases:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Genital cancer.
• Dysplasia of the cervix.
• Cervical cancer.

The pathological condition is considered anthropogenic, the infection occurs only among people. 2-4 months after HPV 33 enters the body, genital warts begin to form on the genitals with accompanying painful symptoms.

Human papillomavirus 35

Infection with this HPV is dangerous for the development of malignant processes in the body. Type 35 is diagnosed in both men and women, but only in the latter does it cause serious problems.

Infection occurs with condylomatous lesions of the perineum, external genitalia, anus and oral cavity (root of the tongue, inner part of the cheek). Infection can cause the development of dysplasia and cancerous processes of the cervix.

It is not that easy to cure HPV 35, so special attention is paid to preventive measures: safe sex, a healthy lifestyle, strengthening the immune system, and more. In case of infection, the treatment consists of a series of techniques aimed at eliminating skin defects and suppressing the activity of papillomatosis.

Human papillomavirus 39

This genotype represents a serious danger and a threat to life, as it contributes to the degeneration of healthy tissues into malignant tissues. Women are more sensitive to HPV 39, as it causes damage to the internal genital organs. The infection can cause dysplasia and cervical cancer.

Infection may not manifest itself in any way for a long period of time, feeding on healthy tissues and increasing in size.

• External symptoms of infection are skin growths on the inner walls of the vagina, mucous membranes of the cervical canal, in the cervical region.
• Less commonly, warts form on the external genitalia, as well as around the exit of the urethra or near the anus.
• Neoplasms appear as single and multiple growths that outwardly resemble cauliflower.

Human papillomavirus 44

From the point of view of oncology, HPV type 44 does not represent a danger. In this case, the infection with this infection is manifested by genital warts and genital warts on the cervix and other important organs.

Treatment of skin growths is carried out to eliminate aesthetic discomfort, that is, neoplasms are removed. Also, all patients are prescribed a course of antiviral and immunostimulating drugs to suppress papillomatous infection in the body.

Human papillomavirus 45

Another representative of the group of oncogenic papillomaviruses with a high risk of degeneration is type 45. The infection is characterized by the following manifestations:

• Genital warts.
• Bowenoid papulosis.
• Genital warts.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.

Infection occurs during unprotected intercourse. A man is a carrier of the virus, even though he may not know it. In women, the infection manifests itself as warty growths on the genitals. Pathology is very dangerous for the female body and requires serious treatment. It can take more than 20 years from the time of infection to the development of a malignant tumor caused by HPV 45.

In the diagnostic process, PCR, dygen tests, calcoscopy, biopsy and cytological studies are performed to identify the pathogenic genotype. Treatment depends on the stage of the disease.

Human papillomavirus 51

This type of HPV belongs to anogenital infections of medium oncogenic risk. Infection is mainly carried out through sexual contact and can lead to the following problems:

• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.
• Oncological lesions of the anus, vulva or vagina in women.
• Malignant tumors of the anus and penis in men.
• Genital warts.
• Buschke-Levenshtein Giant Condyloma.

To diagnose HPV, 51 patients must undergo a urogenital smear. With its help, clinical confirmation of the presence of infection in the body, genotyping and assessment of the risk of malignancy are performed.

There are no drugs specially formulated to treat this type of infection. Therapy is aimed at preventing malignant transformations and mobilizing the body's anticancer immunity.

Human papillomavirus 52

According to medical statistics, HPV 52 is identified in 70% of cases in women over the age of 35. Infection most often occurs during unprotected sexual intercourse. The painful condition is associated with the following pathologies:

• Genital warts and genital warts.
• Colon cancer in men.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.

It is impossible to completely cure the virus, but with early diagnosis and proper therapy, cells can be protected from destruction and malignancy. To do this, surgical removal of growths, a course of antiviral therapy and taking medications to strengthen the immune system are performed.

Human papillomavirus 53

HPV 53 infection is possible through contact with the mucous membranes or skin cells of an infected person. This genotype has low carcinogenicity and therefore does not represent a risk of malignant transformation.

After infection, the virus can remain dormant for a long time. The action of various factors, for example, a weakening of the protective properties of the immune system leads to its activation. Because of this, the cells of the epidermis begin to actively divide, forming verrucous neoplasms and genital warts.

Treatment of papillomavirus type 53 comes down to removing skin growths, taking antiviral drugs, and strengthening immunity.

Human papillomavirus 56

One of the types of human papillomavirus infection is HPV 56. This type is characterized by high oncogenicity and is associated with the following pathologies:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.
• Carcinoma of the mucous membranes of the genitals.

The virus is dangerous for both women and men, causing genital warts and other malignancies. The penetration of infection into the body occurs through the mucous membranes during unprotected sexual intercourse or with the damage of the open wound to the epidermis.

HPV 56 requires complex treatment. Therapy consists of taking antiviral drugs, surgically removing the growths and strengthening the immune system. Particular attention is paid to preventive measures to protect the body from infections.

Human papillomavirus 58

The viral pathogen of the category at medium risk of malignant transformation is type 58. The infection is included in the alpha group, that is, it contributes to the appearance of such pathologies:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Condylomas of the inner surface of the anus.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.

After being introduced into the body, it causes the appearance of small growths with a dense and soft structure. Depending on the location, they can be light pink or brown. This genotype most often manifests itself on the neck, in the armpits, in the intestine, in the external and internal genital organs and in the bladder.

The danger of infection is due to the latent course of the infectious process. Since the pathogen can remain inactive for a long time. Prompt diagnosis and an integrated approach to treatment can prevent complications of human papillomavirus type 58.

Human papillomavirus 59

The HPV 59 genotype refers to oncogenic viruses. Under the action of some factors, it can cause damage to the tissues of the cervix and uterine epithelium, provoking a precancerous condition. Infection with this pathogen occurs with unprotected anal or vaginal contact, less often with oral sex.

Often the infection does not manifest itself for a long time. But the appearance of skin growths and warts indicates its activation. Genital warts form on the external genital organs and their mucous membranes.

To diagnose a painful condition, a viral DNA and PCR analysis is performed. Treatment consists of taking antiviral drugs to suppress the infection.

Human papillomavirus 66

Most often, the appearance of warts and papillomas on the body is associated with infection with papillomavirus type 66. In this case, the skin growths have the most inappropriate localization: armpits, perianal and periorbital regions, perineum, mucous membranes of the genitals.

Typically, after infection, the infection remains inactive for a long period of time. But under the action of certain factors, it is activated. These factors include:

• Weakening of the defenses of the immune system.
• Unbalanced diet.
• Bad habits.
• Frequent change of sexual partners and unprotected intercourse.
• Failure to comply with the rules of personal hygiene.
• Frequent miscarriages and more.

Treatment of HPV 66 is aimed at removing skin growths and eliminating the factors that provoke the spread of infection. Antiviral therapy and vitamins are taken to increase immunity. Preventive measures include vaccination, timely treatment of any disease and a healthy lifestyle.

Human papillomavirus 67

According to the studies carried out, HPV type 67 belongs to viruses with an average state of oncological degeneration. That is, infection with this genotype, under certain conditions, can lead to precancerous conditions.

The infection penetrates the mucous membranes and damaged skin. Infection is manifested by papillomatous growths on the body. Growths can also form on the mucous membrane of the cervix.

Human papillomavirus 68

68 The HPV genotype has a low oncogenicity and manifests itself with skin growths of various locations. The strong spread of defects and their frequent trauma are dangerous. Since at this stage, viral DNA replaces healthy cells, changing their structure. If the problem is left without medical attention, the active progression of papillomavirus type 68 can lead to carcinoma.